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Luther's Marian theology
Luther's Marian theology is derived from his views of Mary mother of Jesus. It was developed out of the deep Christian Marian devotion on which he was reared, and it was subsequently clarified as part of his mature Christocentric theology and piety.〔Eric W. Gritsch, "The Views of Luther and Lutheranism on the Veneration of Mary" in H. George Anderson, J. Francis Stafford, Joseph A. Burgess, eds, ''The One Mediator, The Saints, and Mary'', Lutherans and Roman Catholic in Dialogue VIII, (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1992), 235-248, 379-384; cf. 235f.〕 Lutherans hold Mary in high esteem. Luther dogmatically asserted what he considered firmly established biblical doctrines like the divine motherhood of Mary while adhering to pious opinions of the Immaculate Conception and the Perpetual virginity of Mary along with the caveat that all doctrine and piety should exalt and not diminish the person and work of Jesus Christ. The emphasis was always placed on Mary as merely a receiver of God's love and favor.〔''Ibid.'', 236-237.〕 His opposition to regarding Mary as a mediatrix of intercession or redemption was part of his greater and more extensive opposition to the belief that the merits of the saints could be added to those of Jesus Christ to save humanity.〔''Ibid''., 238; Hartmann Grisar, ''Martin Luther'', E.M. Lamond, trans., Luigi Cappadelta, ed., 6 vols., (St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co., 1915), 4:502-503.〕
==Overview==
Despite Luther's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the ecumenical councils and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and the Theotokos, the ''Mother of God.〔Remigius Bäumer, ''Marienlexikon'', Gesamtausgabe, Leo Scheffczyk, ed., (Regensburg: Institutum Marianum, 1994), 190.〕 Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther, some three-hundred years before the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view. Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the Immaculate Conception, which at that time was undefined in the Church; however, he maintained belief in Mary's lifelong sinlessness.〔Bäumer, 191〕 Regarding the Assumption of Mary, he stated, that the Bible did not say anything about it. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death.〔Bäumer, 190.〕
The centerpiece of Luther's Marian views was his 1521 ''Commentary on the Magnificat'' in which he extolled the magnitude of God's grace toward Mary and her own legacy of Christian instruction and example demonstrated in her canticle of praise.〔Martin Luther, ''Luther's Works'', The American Edition, Jaroslav J. Pelikan & Helmut Lehmann, eds., 55 vols., (St. Louis & Philadelphia: CPH & Fortress Press, 1955-1986), 295-358; cf. Anderson, 236-237.〕
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